QUALITY OF RUNOFF FROM PLOTS WITH SIMULATED GRAZING1

ABSTRACT: Grazed pastures represent a potential source of non‐point pollution. In comparison to other nonpoint sources (e.g., row‐cropped lands), relatively little information exists regarding possible magnitudes of nutrient losses from grazed pasture, how those losses are affected by management variables, and how the losses can be minimized. The objective of this study was to measure concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and solids in runoff from fescue plots and relate those measurements to simulated forage management strategy. The study was conducted at the University of Kentucky Maine Chance Agricultural Experiment Station north of Lexington. Plots (2.4 m wide by 6.1 m long) were constructed and established in Kentucky 31 fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) to represent pasture. The experimental treatments applied to the plots varied in terms of forage height and material applied (none, manure, or manure and urine). Runoff was sampled for six simulated rainfall events applied over the summer of 1997 and analyzed for nitrate N (NO₃‐N), ammonia N (NH3‐N), total Kjeldahl N (TKN), ortho‐P (PO₄‐P), total P (TP), and total suspended solids (TSS). All runoff constituents exhibited dependence on the date of simulated rainfall with generally higher concentrations measured when simulated rainfall followed relatively dry periods. The effects of forage height and manure addition were mixed. Highest runoff N concentrations were associated with the greatest forage heights, whereas highest P concentrations occurred for the least forage heights. Manure/urine addition increased runoff P concentrations relative to controls (no manure/urine) for both the greatest and least forage heights, but runoff N concentrations were increased only for the greatest forage heights. These findings indicate that runoff of N and P is at least as sensitive to amount and proximity of preceding rainfall and suggest that managing forage to stimulate growth and plant uptake can reduce runoff of N.     

丛枝菌根真菌对紫羊茅镉吸收与分配的影响

采用盆栽方法模拟土壤Cd污染状况,研究接种丛枝菌根真菌对紫羊茅生长及对Cd吸收、分配的影响.结果表明,土壤加Cd15～50mg·kg-1对菌根侵染率无显著影响;在不加Cd的土壤中,接种菌根真菌有助于Cd的吸收和向地上部的运输;在Cd污染土壤中,接种菌根真菌并未明显改善紫羊茅的磷营养状况,并且也没有明显增加紫羊茅的生物量,但是地上部的Cd浓度和吸收量均显著低于不接种的处理,其原因是菌根真菌强化了Cd在紫羊茅根系的固持作用,减少Cd在地上部的分配比例,从而降低了紫羊茅地上部对Cd的积累.试验还观察到,不同菌根真菌对紫羊茅吸Cd量的影响具有一定差异,Glomusintraradices在Cd污染的土壤中对Cd吸收的抑制效应大于Glomousmosseae.这些结果一方面说明菌根真菌侵染是紫羊茅地上部Cd含量减少的直接原因,同时也反映出在自然生态系统中,作为污染物由土壤环境进入食物链系统的门户之一的丛枝菌根真菌在调节生态系统中重金属Cd的生物循环、减轻重金属Cd对食物链的污染风险方面发挥着重要作用.     

Assessing ecological correlates of marine bird declines to inform marine conservation

Identifying drivers of ecosystem change in large marine ecosystems is central for their effective management and conservation. This is a sizable challenge, particularly in ecosystems transcending international borders, where monitoring and conservation of long‐range migratory species and their habitats are logistically and financially problematic. Here, using tools borrowed from epidemiology, we elucidated common drivers underlying species declines within a marine ecosystem, much in the way epidemiological analyses evaluate risk factors for negative health outcomes to better inform decisions. Thus, we identified ecological traits and dietary specializations associated with species declines in a community of marine predators that could be reflective of ecosystem change. To do so, we integrated count data from winter surveys collected in long‐term marine bird monitoring programs conducted throughout the Salish Sea—a transboundary large marine ecosystem in North America's Pacific Northwest. We found that decadal declines in winter counts were most prevalent among pursuit divers such as alcids (Alcidae) and grebes (Podicipedidae) that have specialized diets based on forage fish, and that wide‐ranging species without local breeding colonies were more prone to these declines. Although a combination of factors is most likely driving declines of diving forage fish specialists, we propose that changes in the availability of low‐trophic prey may be forcing wintering range shifts of diving birds in the Salish Sea. Such a synthesis of long‐term trends in a marine predator community not only provides unique insights into the types of species that are at risk of extirpation and why, but may also inform proactive conservation measures to counteract threats—information that is paramount for species‐specific and ecosystem‐wide conservation. Evaluación de las Correlaciones Ecológicas de las Declinaciones de Aves Marinas para Informar a la Conservación Marina     

绿色饲料添加剂的研究与应用

本文对几种新型的绿色饲料添加剂的作用、在畜禽生产中的实际应用及存在的问题进行了综述。     

农户自制人工瘤胃发酵饲料的方法与饲喂技术

人工瘤胃发酵饲料新工艺,是1989年四川省重大科研项目所取得的成果,已正式通过专家鉴定。为了便于广大农户特别是养殖专业户自制人工瘤胃发酵饲料,广泛用于饲喂各种畜禽以充分利用丰富的秸秆资源,节约精料和提高经济效益,特将此项技术的制作原理、饲料营养成分及饲喂效果,饲料制作方法及饲喂技术进行详细介绍,供推广使用。     

桔园间作牧草的生态效益及其管理技术

在浙江省金华地区新垦植的红壤幼龄桔园及盛产成龄桔园进行了间作试验和调查研究。结果表明，幼龄桔园间作黑麦草或紫云英，能提高光能利用率，具有延缓秋冬土壤降温和春季土壤升温、减小土壤日温差幅度和冬季保暖、降低水土流失量等生态效应，但对夏梢生长具有不良的影响；成龄桔园长期间作紫云英也具有提高光能利用率，维持较高的肥料养分效率，明显改善土壤肥力，提高产量和改善柑桔外观品质等多种效益。桔园间作牧草应结合柑桔生产的要求，抓住适时拌肥播种、及时收割施肥和适时适量归还土壤３个管理技术要点。     

Mineral status of soils and forage in the Mole National Park,Ghana and implications for wildlife nutrition

Geochemical mapping of soils and selected plant species has been carried out in the Mole National Park, Ghana. The distribution of the essential nutrients: cobalt, copper and manganese is largely controlled by bedrock geology, while the geochemical dispersion of Ca, I, Fe, Mg, Mo, P, K, Se, Na and Zn has been modified by soil and hydromorphic processes. From selective extraction experiments, Fe, Mn and Co are found to be largely fixed in the soil mineral fraction. Larger proportions of Cu, I, Mo, Se and Zn are EDTA extractable and have a high chelation potential.Cobalt, Cu and Mn were preferentially concentrated in grass species while molybdenum and selenium are concentrated in browse plants. Copper uptake is antagonistic to Fe, Mo and Zn accumulation in all plant and grass samples. Similarly, Se and Mn appear antagonistic and Fe uptake is antagonistic to Co, Cu, Mn, Mo and Zn.The low concentration of P points to a potential dietary deficiency of this element throughout the park. Cobalt deficiency may also occur due to a love extractability of these elements in the soils and low concentration in plants. However, the lack of data on the elemental requirements of wildlife allows only tentative conclusions to be drawn.     

青藏高原天然草地载畜能力及草畜平衡状况研究

青藏高原草地植被和牲畜是影响该地区生态环境的主要影响因素, 因此, 研究此两项因素及 其之间的关系, 对于保护青藏高原生态环境、促进经济发展具有重要的意义。为此, 论文利用 2003-2004 年青藏高原天然草地产草量观测资料, 经过GPS 定位, 与NOAA/AVHRR 植被指数建 立了天然草地产草量反演模型及不同区域尺度天然草地年最大产草量、载畜量估算模型; 同时, 利 用粮食、油菜、青饲料等农业产量和林地面积等资料, 估算了青藏高原精、粗饲料的载畜能力, 分别 建立了天然草地以及考虑补饲后的草畜平衡监测模型, 分析了青藏高原及其县、地、省等不同区域 天然草地以及区域总体牲畜承载能力和草畜平衡状况。结果表明: 青海和西藏在天然草地和农业等 其它补饲共同承载下, 2003-2004 年年平均最大载畜能力分别为3 140×104、2 865×104 只标准羊单 位, 超载率分别为16%、78%, 两省平均超载率为45%。分地州来看, 两省除青海的果洛州和玉树州 实际牲畜数量没有超过当地的最大承载能力、青海海西州和西藏林芝地区草畜基本平衡以外, 其余 地州均有不同程度的超载, 其中果洛州和玉树州天然草地牲畜超载率分别为- 11%、- 26%, 利于“三 江源”地区天然草地植被的恢复和生态环境的改善; 青海黄南州、海北州、海南州、西宁市、海东地区 和西藏昌都、那曲、阿里地区牲畜超载率为45%～97%, 西藏拉萨市、日喀则、山南地区达115%～ 153%, 这些地区应适当降低牲畜数量或加大补饲力度, 以减轻对当地生态承载的压力。青海牲畜超 载的县主要位于东部, 西藏超载的县主要位于西部和南部大部地区。     

绿肥牧草对矸石山生态环境的改善

煤矸石风化物上复垦试验结果表明：种植绿肥牧草，有助于提高煤矸石中氮、磷、钾等养分含量，降低表层含盐量，增加微生物类群数量，改善矸石山的水、气、热状况，加速煤矸石的风化，从而促使矸石山生态环境得到进一步改善，并获得较高的生物产量。     

新疆生产建设兵团农垦城镇土地等级体系研究

本文建立了新疆生产建设兵团农垦城镇类、等、级及基准地价的城镇土地等级体系,为兵团农垦城镇不同层次的土地管理提供了科学依据,对深化我国土地有偿使用制度改革,建立健全合理的土地市场,实现土地资源资产化等具有较好的理论和实践探索意义。